Standardized testing refers to assessments that are administered under uniform and controlled conditions, following specific procedures and guidelines to ensure consistency and comparability of results across test takers.

Secondary school, also known as high school, refers to the educational institution that provides education to students in the stage between primary school and higher education. It typically covers grades 9 to 12, although the organization and grade levels can vary across different educational systems.

Summative assessment is an evaluation method used to measure student learning and achievement at the end of a learning period, course, or instructional unit. It aims to assess the cumulative knowledge, skills, and understanding that students have acquired over a specific period.

In education, scaffolding refers to a supportive framework or instructional approach that provides temporary assistance and guidance to students as they learn new concepts, skills, or tasks.

Scientific inquiry refers to the systematic and rigorous process through which scientists investigate the natural world, propose explanations for phenomena, and test their hypotheses.

Scope and sequence refers to the organization and sequencing of content and skills in an educational curriculum.

Student-centered learning is an educational approach that places the learner at the center of the instructional process.

Scholarship refers to the pursuit of knowledge, understanding, and academic excellence through research, study, and intellectual inquiry.

Student engagement refers to the degree of involvement, interest, and active participation exhibited by students in their learning experiences.

Synthesizing information refers to the process of combining and integrating different sources of information to create a cohesive and comprehensive understanding or representation of a topic or concept.

STEM education stands for Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics education.

Service learning is an educational approach that combines academic learning with meaningful community service.

SCORM, which stands for Sharable Content Object Reference Model, is a set of technical standards used in e-learning and online education.

Student achievement refers to the academic progress and accomplishments of students in their educational pursuits.

Scientific knowledge refers to a systematic and evidence-based understanding of the natural world and the principles that govern its functioning.

Social pedagogy is an interdisciplinary field of education that combines elements of pedagogy, sociology, psychology, and social work.

The State Teachers' Retirement System (STRS) is a government-operated pension fund designed to provide retirement, disability, and survivor benefits to educators and school employees.

A shortfall in education funding occurs when the available funds are insufficient to cover the expenses and financial obligations of an educational institution.

Social promotion refers to the practice of promoting students to the next grade level based on their age rather than their academic performance.

Schoolwide programs are comprehensive educational initiatives implemented in schools with a high proportion of students from low-income backgrounds.

A scaled score is a standardized numerical representation of a student's performance on an assessment, adjusted to account for the difficulty of the questions or tasks presented.

Serrano v. Priest is a landmark legal case in California that had a profound impact on educational equity and funding in the state.

The term "Split Roll" refers to a proposed change in property tax assessment in California.

A School Facility Improvement District (SFID) is a local governmental entity or special district formed to address the planning, funding, and management of school facility construction and improvement projects within a specific geographic area or school district.

A Single Subject Credential is a type of teaching credential that authorizes the holder to teach a specific subject or content area in California's middle schools and high schools.

A State Education Agency (SEA) is a state-level government agency responsible for overseeing and implementing K-12 education policies and regulations within a specific U.S. state.

Scientifically Based Research, often referred to as SBR, is a term commonly used in education policy and practice to describe research methods and practices that adhere to established scientific standards and principles.

The State Superintendent of Public Instruction (SPI) is a senior educational official in the state government responsible for overseeing and leading the state's public education system.

Smarter Balanced Assessments are a set of standardized assessments used in several U.S. states to measure students' proficiency in English language arts (ELA) and mathematics.